Human iPSC-derived microglia Alzheimer's disease model
microglia TREM2 e.coli phagocytosis
microglia TREM2 abeta42 phagocytosis
microglia TREM2 cytokine secretion
Immunofluorescent staining of TREM2-mutated human iPSC-derived microglia with marker IBA1
Immunofluorescent staining of TREM2-mutated human iPSC-derived microglia with marker P2RY12
Human iPSC-derived microglial cells display expected ramified morphology
bit.bio-co-culture-neurons-and-microglia
ioMicroglia mRNA transfection
Human iPSC-derived microglia Alzheimer's disease model
microglia TREM2 e.coli phagocytosis
microglia TREM2 abeta42 phagocytosis
microglia TREM2 cytokine secretion
Immunofluorescent staining of TREM2-mutated human iPSC-derived microglia with marker IBA1
Immunofluorescent staining of TREM2-mutated human iPSC-derived microglia with marker P2RY12
Human iPSC-derived microglial cells display expected ramified morphology
bit.bio-co-culture-neurons-and-microglia
ioMicroglia mRNA transfection

cat no | io1035

ioMicroglia TREM2 R47H/R47H

Human iPSC-derived Alzheimer's disease model

  • Cryopreserved human iPSC-derived cells powered by opti-ox, that are ready for functional experiments after 4 days

  • Engineered to investigate the effect of the mutant TREM2 protein in Alzheimer's disease

  • Consistently perform key phagocytic and cytokine secretion functions, and are co-culture compatible

Human iPSC-derived microglia Alzheimer's disease model

Human iPSC-derived microglia Alzheimer's disease model

microglia TREM2 e.coli phagocytosis

ioMicroglia TREM2 R47H/R47H show a similar response of phagocytosis of E.coli particles compared to the genetically matched wild-type control

Phagocytosis was analysed at day 10 post-revival after incubation with 1 µg/0.33 cm2 pHrodo RED labelled E. coli particles for 24 hours with images acquired every 30 mins on the Incucyte. The graphs display the proportion of cells phagocytosing E. coli particles (left) and the fluorescent intensity per cell (right), and shows that ioMicroglia TREM2 HET have a reduced phagocytic capacity, whereas the ioMicroglia TREM2 Hom display a similar phagocytosis response compared to the genetically matched WT control ioMicroglia Male. Three technical replicates were performed. Seeding density 60,000 cells/cm2.

View the phagocytosis protocol used to generate this data.

 

microglia TREM2 abeta42 phagocytosis

Disease model cells demonstrate phagocytosis of Amyloid β-42 particles in a similar manner to the genetically matched wild-type control

Phagocytosis was analysed at day 10 post-revival after incubation with 500 nM AF488 labelled Amyloid β-42 (AnaSpec) for 24 hours with images acquired every 30 mins on the Incucyte. The graphs display the proportion of cells phagocytosing (left), and the fluorescence intensity per cell displaying degree of phagocytosis (right), and shows that ioMicroglia TREM2 Het and the ioMicroglia TREM2 Hom cells display a similar phagocytosis response compared to the WT control ioMicroglia Male. Three technical replicates were performed. Seeding density 60,000 cells/cm2.

View the phagocytosis protocol used to generate this data.

microglia TREM2 cytokine secretion

Disease model cells show a pro-inflammatory cytokines response to Amyloid β-42 stimulation

ioMicroglia TREM2 Het, ioMicroglia TREM2 Hom, and the genetically matched WT control ioMicroglia Male were stimulated for 24 hours with LPS (100 ng/ml) and IFNɣ (20 ng/ml), or synthetic Amyloid β-42 oligomers (10 μM, StressMarq). Supernatants were harvested after 24 hours and analysed with using the MSD V-PLEX Proinflammatory KitSecretion levels were normalised to cell count per field of view (FOV) to account for variations in cell density. Seeding density 80,000 cells/cm2.

A clear response to LPS+IFNɣ and Amyloidβ-42 is seen in both disease model cell types.

View the cytokine release protocol used to generate this data.

Immunofluorescent staining of TREM2-mutated human iPSC-derived microglia with marker IBA1

Disease model cells express key microglia markers comparably to the genetically matched wild-type control

Immunofluorescent staining on day 10 post-revival demonstrates similar homogenous expression of microglia marker IBA1 and ramified morphology in ioMicroglia TREM2 R47H/R47H disease model cells compared to the genetically matched wild-type (WT) control. 100X magnification.

View the ICC protocol used to generate this data.

Immunofluorescent staining of TREM2-mutated human iPSC-derived microglia with marker P2RY12

Disease model cells express key microglia markers comparably to the genetically matched wild-type control

Immunofluorescent staining on day 10 post-revival demonstrates similar homogenous expression of microglia marker P2RY12 and ramified morphology in ioMicroglia TREM2 R47H/R47H disease model cells compared to the genetically matched wild-type (WT) control. 100X magnification.

View the ICC protocol used to generate this data.

Human iPSC-derived microglial cells display expected ramified morphology

Disease model cells show expected ramified morphology by day 10

ioMicroglia TREM2 R47H/R47H disease model cells mature rapidly and key ramified morphology can be identified by day 4 and continues through to day 10, similarly to the WT control. Day 1 to 10 post-thawing; 100x magnification.

Female donor-derived ioMicroglia form co-cultures with  ioGlutamatergic Neurons 

ioGlutamatergic Neurons (io1001) were cultured to day 10 post-thaw. Female donor-derived ioMicroglia (io1029) cultured to either day 1 or day 10 post-thaw were added directly to day 10 ioGlutamatergic Neurons. The co-cultures were maintained for a further 6 days. Representative video showing that female donor-derived ioMicroglia form a stable co-culture with ioGlutamatergic Neurons. Live imaging was performed in 6.5-minute intervals over a time period of 3 hours and 31 minutes using the 3D Cell Explorer 96focus Nanolive Imaging system.

View the co-culture protocol used to generate this data.

ioMicroglia mRNA transfection

ioMicroglia are efficiently transfected with mRNA encoding GFP

ioMicroglia Male are efficiently transfected and show sustained long-term expression of mRNA encoding GFP. Cells were imaged throughout the experiment to assess transfection efficiency and evaluate potential cytotoxic effects of the transfection protocol. Day 4 images were captured prior to transfections on the same day.

Download the step-by-step protocol for lipid-based delivery of synthetic mRNA into ioMicroglia.

Vial limit exceeded

A maximum number of 20 vials applies. If you would like to order more than 20 vials, please contact us at orders@bit.bio.

Human iPSC-derived Alzheimer's disease model

ioMicroglia TREM2 R47H/R47H are opti-ox deterministically programmed microglia carrying a genetically engineered homozygous R47H mutation in the TREM2 gene encoding the triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 protein. The TREM2 R47H mutation has been linked with increased risk of late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD).

These cells offer a functional, rapidly maturing, and disease relevant system to study the role of the TREM2 R47H/R47H mutation in late-onset AD, alongside the genetically matched heterozygous ioMicroglia TREM2 R47H/WT (io1038) and wild-type control ioMicroglia Male (io1021).

Two clones are available (Clone 17 is available on request), all genetically matched to the wild type control, ioMicroglia. The disease model cells and the wild-type control offer a physiologically relevant model to investigate the impact of the TREM2 R47H mutation on cellular and molecular mechanisms and function in late-onset AD.

Benchtop benefits

comparison_0

Making True Comparisons

Pair the ioDisease Model Cells with the genetically matched wild-type ioMicroglia to directly investigate the effect of the mutant TREM2 protein on late-onset AD.

quick_0

Quick

Rapidly maturing cells that are ready to use after 4 days post-revival.

functional_0

Functional

Disease model cells are co-culture compatible with neurons and display key phagocytic and cytokine secretion functions.

Cells arrive ready to plate


Microglia_timeline_4_days

ioMicroglia TREM2 R47H/R47H are delivered in a cryopreserved format and are programmed to rapidly mature upon revival in the recommended media. The protocol for the generation of these cells is a three-phase process: an Induction phase that is carried out at bit.bio, Phase 1: Stabilisation for 24 hours, Phase 2: Maturation for a further 9 days, Phase 3: the Maintenance phase. Cells are ready to use from day 4 for functional experiments as determined by the genetically matched wild type control ioMicroglia Male (io1021).

Product specifications

Starting material

Human iPSC line

Seeding compatibility

6, 12, 24, 96 & 384 well plates

Shipping info

Dry ice

Donor

Caucasian adult male (skin fibroblast),
Genotype APOE 3/3

Vial size

Small: >1.5 x 10⁶ viable cells

Quality control

Sterility, protein expression (ICC), and functional phagocytosis

Differentiation method

opti-ox deterministic cell programming

Recommended seeding density

40,000 to 80,000 cells/cm²

User storage

LN2 or -150°C

Format

Cryopreserved cells

Product use

ioCells are for research use only

Genetic modification

Homozygous R47H mutation in the TREM2 gene

Applications

Alzheimer's disease modelling
Drug discovery and development
Neuroinflammation modelling
Phagocytosis assays
Cytokine response assays
Co-culture studies

Available clones

io1035S: ioMicroglia TREM2 R47H/R47H (CL17)
io1036S: ioMicroglia TREM2 R47H/R47H (CL45)

 

Scale your study with volume pricing

Enabling scientists to use human cells in their research, running additional experiments without rationing cells or limiting experimental scale

 

Order quantity Total vials received Pricing tier 
1 - 9 packs 2 - 18 vials Standard price
10 - 49 packs 20 - 98 vials Automatic 10% discount
> 50 packs > 100 vials > Contact us for a quote

 

Academic pricing: Academic users can purchase any ioCells in 3-vial packs ($/€/£ 999 per pack), available year-round with any cell type combination.
Technical data

Highly characterised and defined

Disease model cells express key microglia markers comparably to the genetically matched wild-type control

microglia-TREM2-hom-pr2y12-ICC
microglia-TREM2-hom-iba1-ICC

Immunofluorescent staining on day 10 post-revival demonstrates similar homogenous expression of microglia markers P2RY12 and IBA1 and ramified morphology in ioMicroglia TREM2 R47H/R47H disease model cells compared to the genetically matched wild-type (WT) control. 100X magnification.

View the ICC protocol used to generate this data.

Disease model cells show expected ramified morphology by day 10

microglia-TREM2-hom-brightfield-morphology

ioMicroglia TREM2 R47H/R47H disease model cells mature rapidly and key ramified morphology can be identified by day 4 and continues through to day 10, similarly to the WT control. Day 1 to 10 post-thawing; 100x magnification.

Key phagocytic function

ioMicroglia TREM2 R47H/R47H show a similar response of phagocytosis of E.coli particles compared to the genetically matched wild-type control

microglia TREM2 e.coli phagocytosis

Phagocytosis was analysed at day 10 post-revival after incubation with 1 µg/0.33 cm2 pHrodo RED labelled E. coli particles for 24 hours with images acquired every 30 mins on the Incucyte. The graphs display the proportion of cells phagocytosing E. coli particles (left) and the fluorescent intensity per cell (right), and shows that ioMicroglia TREM2 HET have a reduced phagocytic capacity, whereas the ioMicroglia TREM2 Hom display a similar phagocytosis response compared to the genetically matched WT control ioMicroglia Male. Three technical replicates were performed. Seeding density 60,000 cells/cm2.

Disease model cells demonstrate phagocytosis of Amyloid β-42 particles in a similar manner to the genetically matched wild-type control

microglia TREM2 abeta42 phagocytosis

Phagocytosis was analysed at day 10 post-revival after incubation with 500 nM AF488 labelled Amyloid β-42 (AnaSpec) for 24 hours with images acquired every 30 mins on the Incucyte. The graphs display the proportion of cells phagocytosing (left), and the fluorescence intensity per cell displaying degree of phagocytosis (right), and shows that ioMicroglia TREM2 Het and the ioMicroglia TREM2 Hom cells display a similar phagocytosis response compared to the WT control ioMicroglia Male. Three technical replicates were performed. Seeding density 60,000 cells/cm2.

Key cytokine secretion function

Disease model cells show a pro-inflammatory cytokines response to Amyloid β-42 stimulation

microglia TREM2 cytokine secretion

ioMicroglia TREM2 Het, ioMicroglia TREM2 Hom, and the genetically matched WT control ioMicroglia Male were stimulated for 24 hours with LPS (100 ng/ml) and IFNɣ (20 ng/ml), or synthetic Amyloid β-42 oligomers (10 μM, StressMarq). Supernatants were harvested after 24 hours and analysed with using the MSD V-PLEX Proinflammatory KitSecretion levels were normalised to cell count per field of view (FOV) to account for variations in cell density. Seeding density 80,000 cells/cm2.

A clear response to LPS+IFNɣ and Amyloidβ-42 is seen in both disease model cell types.

Technical data

Key phagocytic function

ioMicroglia TREM2 R47H/R47H show a similar response of phagocytosis of E.coli particles compared to the genetically matched wild-type control
microglia TREM2 e.coli phagocytosis

Phagocytosis was analysed at day 10 post-revival after incubation with 1 µg/0.33 cm2 pHrodo RED labelled E. coli particles for 24 hours with images acquired every 30 mins on the Incucyte. The graphs display the proportion of cells phagocytosing E. coli particles (left) and the fluorescent intensity per cell (right), and shows that ioMicroglia TREM2 HET have a reduced phagocytic capacity, whereas the ioMicroglia TREM2 Hom display a similar phagocytosis response compared to the genetically matched WT control ioMicroglia Male. Three technical replicates were performed. Seeding density 60,000 cells/cm2.

Disease model cells demonstrate phagocytosis of Amyloid β-42 particles in a similar manner to the genetically matched wild-type control
microglia TREM2 abeta42 phagocytosis

Phagocytosis was analysed at day 10 post-revival after incubation with 500 nM AF488 labelled Amyloid β-42 (AnaSpec) for 24 hours with images acquired every 30 mins on the Incucyte. The graphs display the proportion of cells phagocytosing (left), and the fluorescence intensity per cell displaying degree of phagocytosis (right), and shows that ioMicroglia TREM2 Het and the ioMicroglia TREM2 Hom cells display a similar phagocytosis response compared to the WT control ioMicroglia Male. Three technical replicates were performed. Seeding density 60,000 cells/cm2.

Key cytokine secretion function

Disease model cells show a pro-inflammatory cytokines response to Amyloid β-42 stimulation
microglia TREM2 cytokine secretion

ioMicroglia TREM2 Het, ioMicroglia TREM2 Hom, and the genetically matched WT control ioMicroglia Male were stimulated for 24 hours with LPS (100 ng/ml) and IFNɣ (20 ng/ml), or synthetic Amyloid β-42 oligomers (10 μM, StressMarq). Supernatants were harvested after 24 hours and analysed with using the MSD V-PLEX Proinflammatory KitSecretion levels were normalised to cell count per field of view (FOV) to account for variations in cell density. Seeding density 80,000 cells/cm2.

A clear response to LPS+IFNɣ and Amyloidβ-42 is seen in both disease model cell types.

Multi-cellular models

Female donor-derived ioMicroglia form co-cultures with  ioGlutamatergic Neurons 

ioGlutamatergic Neurons (io1001) were cultured to day 10 post-thaw. Female donor-derived ioMicroglia (io1029) cultured to either day 1 or day 10 post-thaw were added directly to day 10 ioGlutamatergic Neurons. The co-cultures were maintained for a further 6 days. Representative video showing that female donor-derived ioMicroglia form a stable co-culture with ioGlutamatergic Neurons. Live imaging was performed in 6.5-minute intervals over a time period of 3 hours and 31 minutes using the 3D Cell Explorer 96focus Nanolive Imaging system.

mRNA transfection

ioMicroglia are efficiently transfected with mRNA encoding GFP
ioMicroglia mRNA transfection

ioMicroglia Male are efficiently transfected and show sustained long-term expression of mRNA encoding GFP. Cells were imaged throughout the experiment to assess transfection efficiency and evaluate potential cytotoxic effects of the transfection protocol. Day 4 images were captured prior to transfections on the same day.

How to culture ioMicroglia

In this video, our scientist will take you through the step-by-step process of how to thaw, seed and culture ioMicroglia.

Product resources

Quantifying C5a-mediated chemotaxis in precision reprogrammed hiPSC-derived ioMicroglia Application note
Quantifying C5a-mediated chemotaxis in precision reprogrammed hiPSC-derived ioMicroglia

bit.bio | Medicines Discovery Catapult

2024

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Sartorius application note - Advanced in vitro Modeling of Human iPSC-derived Neuronal Mono- and Co-cultures with Microglia Application note
Sartorius application note - Advanced in vitro Modeling of Human iPSC-derived Neuronal Mono- and Co-cultures with Microglia
Trigg et al.,
Sartorius
2024
Download
Improving physiological relevance in neurological disease drug development Case study
Improving physiological relevance in neurological disease drug development

Elise Malavasi, PhD
Principal Scientist
Concept Life Sciences

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ioMicroglia product family Brochure
ioMicroglia product family
bit.bio
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Rapid and consistent generation of functional microglia from reprogrammed hiPSCs to study neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation Poster
Rapid and consistent generation of functional microglia from reprogrammed hiPSCs to study neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation

Raman, et al

bit.bio

2022

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Generation and characterisation of a panel of human iPSC-derived neurons and microglia carrying early and late onset relevant mutations for Alzheimer’s disease Poster
Generation and characterisation of a panel of human iPSC-derived neurons and microglia carrying early and late onset relevant mutations for Alzheimer’s disease

Smith, et al. 

bit.bio

2024

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CRISPR knockout screening for drug target identification and validation using CRISPR-Ready ioMicroglia Poster
CRISPR knockout screening for drug target identification and validation using CRISPR-Ready ioMicroglia

Schmidt, et al

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2024

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An in vitro toolkit to study the cell-specific roles of glutamatergic neurons and glia in Alzheimer’s disease Poster
An in vitro toolkit to study the cell-specific roles of glutamatergic neurons and glia in Alzheimer’s disease

Oosterveen et al.

bit.bio

2025

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An iPSC-derived neuroinflammation/neurotoxicity in vitro model of neurons and glial cells Poster
An iPSC-derived neuroinflammation/neurotoxicity in vitro model of neurons and glial cells

Bsibsi et al.

Courtesy of Charles River Laboratories

2024

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Driving experimental reproducibility and lot-to-lot biological consistency in human iPSC-derived cells enabled by opti-ox technology Poster
Driving experimental reproducibility and lot-to-lot biological consistency in human iPSC-derived cells enabled by opti-ox technology

Newman et al.

bit.bio

2024

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Harnessing CRISPR-Ready ioCells as functional genomics tools for drug target identification and validation Poster
Harnessing CRISPR-Ready ioCells as functional genomics tools for drug target identification and validation

Grabner et al.

bit.bio

2025

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iPSC-derived Alzheimer's disease models show increased secretion of pathogenic amyloid beta peptides in glutamatergic neurons and responses to amyloid beta 42 in microglia Poster
iPSC-derived Alzheimer's disease models show increased secretion of pathogenic amyloid beta peptides in glutamatergic neurons and responses to amyloid beta 42 in microglia

Veteleanu et al.

bit.bio

2025

Download poster
A versatile toolbox of human iPSC-derived microglia for disease modelling and multicellular in vitro models for neurodegeneration drug discovery Poster
A versatile toolbox of human iPSC-derived microglia for disease modelling and multicellular in vitro models for neurodegeneration drug discovery

Yates et al.

bit.bio

2025

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Optimisation of mRNA delivery to overcome transfection challenges in hiPSC-derived neurons and microglia Poster
Optimisation of mRNA delivery to overcome transfection challenges in hiPSC-derived neurons and microglia

Tatar Ozkan et al.

bit.bio

2025

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Reprogramming the stem cell for a new generation of cures Publication
Reprogramming the stem cell for a new generation of cures

Davenport A, Frolov T & Kotter M

Drug Discovery World

2020

 

 

Read more
Circadian clocks in human cerebral organoids Publication
Circadian clocks in human cerebral organoids

Rzechorzek, et al

bioRxiv

2024

Featuring opti-ox enabled microglia male iPS cell line and opti-ox enabled glutamatergic neurons iPS cell line

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Precision Cellular Reprogramming for Scalable and Consistent Human Neurodegenerative Disease Models Talk
Precision Cellular Reprogramming for Scalable and Consistent Human Neurodegenerative Disease Models

Madeleine Garrett | Field Application Specialist | bit.bio

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Comparing human iPSC-derived ioMicroglia to immortalised HMC3 cell line: A case study Talk
Comparing human iPSC-derived ioMicroglia to immortalised HMC3 cell line: A case study

Euan Yates | Scientist | bit.bio

 

Human Cell Forum 2025
Session 2 | bit.bio insider: Tools, tips, and what’s coming next

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ioMicroglia and disease models user manual | bit.bio User manual
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CRISPRi-Ready ioMicroglia user manual | bit.bio User manual
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How to culture ioMicroglia Video tutorial
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mRNA transfection of ioMicroglia | bit.bio Protocol
mRNA transfection of ioMicroglia | bit.bio
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Phagocytosis assessment of ioMicroglia | bit.bio Protocol
Phagocytosis assessment of ioMicroglia | bit.bio
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Cytokine stimulation and secretion protocol for ioMicroglia | bit.bio Protocol
Cytokine stimulation and secretion protocol for ioMicroglia | bit.bio
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Cell detachment protocol for ioMicroglia: re-seeding experiments | bit.bio Protocol
Cell detachment protocol for ioMicroglia: re-seeding experiments | bit.bio
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Cell counting protocol for ioCells | bit.bio Protocol
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Co-culturing ioMicroglia and ioGlutamatergic Neurons | bit.bio Protocol
Co-culturing ioMicroglia and ioGlutamatergic Neurons | bit.bio
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ioMicroglia ICC staining protocol | bit.bio Protocol
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Cell detachment protocol for ioMicroglia: flow cytometry and single cell experiments | bit.bio Protocol
Cell detachment protocol for ioMicroglia: flow cytometry and single cell experiments | bit.bio
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Alzheimer’s Disease Pathogenesis - Emerging Role of Microglia

In this GEN webinar, hear from our distinguished expert, Dr Matthias Pawlowski, and learn about the emerging role of microglia in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease and their potential as a therapeutic target to treat this disease effectively.

5C_ioMicrogliaConfocal image-1-1

Expand your research

Click on the icons to find out more

GFP-expressing cells enable easy visualisation, tracking and isolation in complex multi-cell cultures.
Light up your co-cultures
Track GFP ioMicroglia in complex multi-cell cultures
Expand your research
Light up your co-cultures
Track GFP ioMicroglia in complex multi-cell cultures
GFP-expressing cells enable easy visualisation, tracking and isolation in complex multi-cell cultures.

Human iPSC-derived microglia engineered to constitutively express GFP enable easy visualisation, tracking and isolation of cells in complex multi-cell cultures.

Discover the data

Build neurodegeneration disease models with microglia and neuron interactions.
Build neurodegenerative disease models
Model neurodegenerative disease in vitro with microglia-neuron co-cultures
Expand your research
Build neurodegenerative disease models
Model neurodegenerative disease in vitro with microglia-neuron co-cultures
Build neurodegeneration disease models with microglia and neuron interactions.

Access 20 neuronal disease models and 4 microglia disease models with a single co-culture protocol.


View the co-culture protocol
Explore ioGlutamatergic Neuron Disease Models
Explore ioMicroglia Disease Models

hIPSC-derived microglia in multiple donor backgrounds.
Model diversity with ioMicroglia Female
De-risk compound screening with microglia from diverse backgrounds
Expand your research
Model diversity with ioMicroglia Female
De-risk compound screening with microglia from diverse backgrounds
hIPSC-derived microglia in multiple donor backgrounds.

Women are greatly underrepresented in drug development and clinical trials.
Introducing female derived cells into the early stage of research and drug discovery can help to better address this disparity.

Key applications for Female ioMicroglia in neurodegeneration drug discovery
- Neuroinflammatory in vitro modelling
- Target ID and validation
- Compound screening

Discover the data

CRISPR-ready human iPSC-derived cells for simpler arrayed and pooled CRISPR screens.
Simplify gene knockouts and CRISPR screens
Have you considered CRISPRko-Ready ioMicroglia?
Expand your research
Simplify gene knockouts and CRISPR screens
Have you considered CRISPRko-Ready ioMicroglia?
CRISPR-ready human iPSC-derived cells for simpler arrayed and pooled CRISPR screens.

Built from our ioMicroglia Male and engineered to constitutively express Cas9.
With optimised guide RNA delivery protocols and high knockout efficiency, start measuring readouts from gene knockouts and CRISPR screens within days.
Save months of work by skipping complex cell line engineering and cell differentiation workflows.

Discover the data

ioCells catalogue

Human iPSC-derived cells

powered by opti-ox

Consistent. Defined. Scalable.

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